Carbon Chemistry 2

 FAMILIES OF THE HOMOLOGOUS SERIES

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|       Alkane       |       Alkene       |       Alkyne       |       Alcohol       |       Carboxylic Acid       |

|       CnH2n+2    |       CnH2n        |       C2H2n -2     |   CnH2n+1OH   |       CnH2n+1COOH        |

| Methane CH4  | Ethene C2H4   | Ethyne C2H2    |      Methanol     |      Methanoic Acid         |

| Ethane C2H6   | Propene C3H6 | Propyne C3H4   |      Ethanol        |      Ethanoic Acid            |

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Alcohols:

ROH

• Where R is the alkyl group
• Alcohols are created from alkanes, where you substitute one hydrogen for OH
• Since alkane is saturated, you can only substitute hydrogen to change it
• CH3OH (Methanol)
• C2H5OH (Ethanol)
• C3H7OH (Propanol)
• C4H9OH (Butanol)
• Every next consecutive member has a difference of CH2 (All the homologous series)
• The suffix is _yl Alcohol
• Same prefix as Alkyne
• IUPAC names (internationally accepted names)
• Suffix for IUPAC names are _anol
• CH3OH (Methanol)
• C2H5OH (Ethanol)
• C3H7OH (Propanol)
• Structure for Alcohols:

Methanol                  Ethanol                    Propanol

      H                          H   H                            H   H   H

       |                            |     |                               |     |     |

H - C - O - H       H - C - C -O - H           H - C - C - C - O - H

       |                            |     |                               |     |     |

      H                          H   H                             H   H   H

• General Formula For Alcohol: C(n-1)H2(n-1)+1OH

Carboxylic Acid:

• General Formula for Carboxylic Acid is: CnH2n+1COOH
• The suffix is _anoic Acid
• n = 1
• C(1-1)H2(1-1)+1COOH
• C0H1COOH
• HCOOH = Methanoic Acid
• General rule = + CH2 per increase
• CH3COOH = Ethanoic Acid
• C2H5COOH = Propanoic Acid
• Structure for Carboxylic Acid

Methanoic Acid            Ethanoic Acid            Propanoic Acid

         O                               H      O                       H   H       O

        //                                  |      //                          |     |      //

H - C                            H - C - C                    H - C - C - C            

        \                                   |       \                          |     |       \

        O - H                          H       O - H                H   H       O - H

Functional Group:

• The part of any Carbon Compound which is responsible for it's properties is known as functional group
• e.g. OH is the functional group for alcohols
• e.g. COOH is the functional group for carboxylic acids
• e.g. CHO is the functional group for aldehydes acids

Condensed Formula:

• A formula that splits the chemical formula into a condensed structural formula

Chemical Formula:        Condensed Formula:

Alkanes:

CH4                                  CH4

C2H6                                CH3 + CH3 -> CH3 CH3

C3H8                                CH3 + CH2 + CH3 -> CH3 CH2 CH3

C4H10                              CH3 + CH2 + CH2 + CH3 -> CH3 (CH2)2 CH3

C5H12                              CH3 + CH2 + CH2 + CH2 + CH3 -> CH3 (CH2)3 CH3

C6H14                              CH3 + CH2 + CH2 + CH2 + CH2 + CH3 -> CH3 (CH2)4 CH3

C7H16                              CH3 + CH2 + CH2 + CH2 + CH2 + CH2 + CH3 -> CH3 (CH2)5 CH3

C8H18                              CH3 + CH2 + CH2 + CH2 + CH2 + CH2 + CH2 + CH3 -> CH3 (CH2)6 CH3

Alcohols:

C3H7OH                          CH3 + CH2 + CH2 + OH -> CH3 (CH2)2 OH Propanol

C3H7COOH                     CH3 + CH2 + CH2 + COOH -> CH3 (CH2)2 COOH Propanoic Acid

Solvent:

- The substance which dissolves other substance.

Solute:

- The substance which is being dissolved.

Solution:

- The mixture of the solute and the solution.

Soluble Substances:

- Substance that can dissolve into water.

Insoluble Substances:

- Substance that cannot dissolve into water.

Miscible Substances:

- Liquids that can dissolve in each other and not visibly separate

Immiscible Substances:

- Liquids that cannot dissolve in each other and are visibly separate.

Melting Point:

- The temperature where the substance starts melting.

Boiling Point:

- The temperature where the substance starts boiling.

Freezing Point:

- The temperature where the substance starts freezing.